Satellite tracking of migratory Turtle-doves

The Turtle-dove

The Turtle-dove is a medium-sized dove with orange-brown feathers on the wing, pinkish chest, striped patch on neck and grayish head. In flight, it is whitish from below with a striking tail pattern. In Europe it breeds in open low land, woods and agricultural areas. It nests in trees. It breeds in all of Europe except in the far north. In autumn, the Turtle-dove migrates to the south of the Sahara with its return passage taking place in spring. The overall European population has declined in recent decades mainly due to agricultural changes, development and up to a few years ago it was also heavily hunted on its passage through the Mediterranean countries. The Turtle-dove’s diet consists of seed, fruit and even small insects.

Turtle-dove (Photo by Aron Tanti)

In Malta, the Turtle-dove is a common and regular migrant especially in spring. In autumn it appears in smaller numbers. We get Turtle-doves from Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy and Poland. Many migrants arrive at night, while some arrive in the early hours of the morning in flocks. It is known that in the past Turtle-doves were seen in larger numbers with flocks even reaching several hundred, unlike today. Two Maltese ornithologists (Schembri and Wright) both wrote that a few pairs of Turtle-doves use to probably breed in Gozo each year. In 1956 a pair bred in Lunzjata Valley, Gozo. They were both killed and their chicks stolen. Again in 1963 another pair attempted to breed at the same site. It just managed to build its nest but wasn’t even given the chance to lay its eggs as they were also killed. Some pairs try to breed in wooded areas like Buskett, Girgenti, Miżieb, and Wied il-Lunzjata amongst others but all end up being killed illegally during the summer period. If it wasn’t for this, maybe the Turtle-dove could establish itself as a regular breeder if only is given the chance. It is one of the most heavily hunted species shot in large numbers each year. Without doubt this has had a significant impact on a local level. With the ban on spring hunting, prospective breeding birds are being recorded more but eventually disappear within days of the opening of the rabbit hunting season in June.

Turtle-dove (Photo by Mark Sultana)

In spring the Turtle-dove appears from late March till the beginning of June with peak days in April and the beginning of May. In autumn this bird is seen in smaller numbers and it appears from the end of August till October with main movements in early September. It prefers wooded areas like Buskett, Girgenti, Miżieb, Wardija, L-Aħrax, Foresta 2000, and valleys with cover and groves. It is present daily throughout migratory months but more appear in bad weather. Good numbers come in cloudy days with rain.

Phase 1 of the project (2016-2017)

Dr Petra Quillfeldt releasing a satellite-tagged Turtle-dove in spring 2017

The aim of this project is to enable us to understand where are the Turtle-dove’s wintering grounds in Africa, how long does the migration take, and which are the important stopover sites for resting and refueling. More importantly it enables us to know more about the impact of hunting on these birds especially where the birds killed in Malta are originating from.

Thanks to funds made available by our German BirdLife partners NABU, and the help of ornithologists Dr Benjamin Metzger and Dr Petra Quillfeldt, a number of Turtle-doves were in 2016 and 2017 fitted with expensive satellite tags to monitor their spring migration through Malta in the last years. These devices, weighing no more than 5 grams each, are fitted like a backpack on a Turtle-dove, allowing their battery to charge through a tiny solar panel, powering a GPS device that transmits the location of the bird via satellite on an almost daily basis.

Five tags in all were attached in the first phase of the project and the data collected shows their amazing migratory journeys. In April 2016 the first male Turtle-dove was tagged from Simar Nature Reserve. The bird migrated to the south of Italy where it probably bred. And then in late August it started its migration south to Africa. It ended up wintering in Nigeria. When spring arrived the bird made its return to the exact same area completing another breeding cycle. Unfortunately we lost transmission of this bird in summer. April 2017’s moratorium on spring hunting presented us with a better opportunity to study further these birds. In fact another four Turtle-doves were tagged in spring 2017 and we also followed their journey.

One bird was unfortunately lost after a few days over Gozo – possibly illegally shot, while the other three continued on. One ended up in Italy, another in Slovakia and another on the border between Bulgaria and Romania. The Slovakian bird was lost over Greece while one of the other two birds, nicknamed Francesco, is still transmitting up to this very day. BirdLife Malta has always used scientific research and facts to base its advocacy and lobbying strategies and we believe this will help us join the European wide conservation efforts to save the Turtle-dove in Europe.

The route undertaken by the first satellite-tagged Turtle-dove released in spring 2016

Phase 2 of the project (2020)

Thanks to NABU (BirdLife Germany) and Dr Petra Quillfeldt’s study group from the Justus Liebig University of Giessen in Germany, BirdLife Malta was in 2020 able to tag another three Turtle-doves as part of an international study aimed at investigating the migratory movements of the European Turtle-dove.

Due to the opening of a spring hunting season in Malta until the 30^th April 2020, no Turtle-doves were tagged before this period, even though their migration starts as early as mid-April. It is with such an understanding of a safer passage of Turtle-doves following the end of the spring hunting season, that three birds were tagged from the Comino Bird Observatory in May 2020. Every spring and autumn BirdLife Malta’s ringing scheme operates a bird ringing station on Comino to be able to monitor, record and catalogue migration of European birds.

Three solar-powered satellite tags sponsored by our German BirdLife partners NABU were received in early April, and were calibrated, left charging in sunlight and tested, until the days Turtle-doves were captured.

On the 1^st May 2020, the first Turtle-dove named ‘Marija’ was caught by bird ringers Nicholas Galea and Martin Austad, and was fitted with a harness and the 5g satellite tag #345. Morphometric measurements were taken of this female Turtle-dove which was also fitted with ring number DD1310.

Turtle-dove ‘Marija’ was the first satellite-tagged bird of three for spring 2020 – photographed here moments after being fitted with the 5g tag and harness (Photo by Nicholas Galea, BirdLife Malta)

The name Marija was chosen as it is one of the most common and popular names in Malta, and is also the name of the patron saint for Comino, and the popular Santa Marija beach, metres away from the place she was tagged.

Marija was released from Comino on the morning of the 1^st May, and shortly after being released, crossed over to Gozo and spent the night in the northern part of the island. Her last position was registered on the morning of the 2^nd May just before 7am, following which its satellite transmission went completely dead. Given reports of illegal hunting on Gozo received from the same day, we very much fear Marija was illegally shot down on Gozo before she could continue her journey further north.

Marija has epitomised our current outcry on the persecution of Turtle-doves in spring 2020. Following a season which was appositely timed during their peak migration, illegal hunting evidently continued in the days that followed, and we believe this is the reason why Marija has not continued transmitting further.

On the morning of the 4^th May 2020, a second female Turtle-dove named ‘Hope’ was also caught and fitted with satellite tag #348. Hope was also fitted with ring number DD1313.

Turtle-dove Hope fitted with the solar-powered satellite tag before release. Hope was the second of three Turtle-doves tagged on Comino in May 2020 (Photo by Nicholas Galea, BirdLife Malta)

The name ‘Hope’ was chosen as a token to the work conservationists across Europe are doing to save this vulnerable species, along with our BirdLife partners who have contributed to even formulating a Species Action Plan to ensure a recovery of Turtle-dove populations in Europe and along their flyways to Africa. It is hoped that such efforts to save this species, are also replicated by governments across Europe including especially Malta, where such birds continue to be hunted legally during an open autumn season, and illegally during spring hunting seasons. We will not lose hope that this bird will gain protection across Europe and Africa, such that it becomes once more a common migrant and breeding bird in Europe.

Following its tagging on the 4^th May, Hope remained on Comino and spent the night resting there before heading north to Gozo possibly during the day of the 5^th May. Following that, she left the northeastern part of Gozo northwards, migrating through the night and reaching the southeastern coast of Sicily by the morning of the 6^th of May. Much to our surprise, Hope has pretty much stayed put in the eastern part of Sicily, east of the city of Agrigento and seems to be settled for the breeding season. It is encouraging to see Turtle-doves breeding so close to our islands, and Hope indeed gives us hope that one day we might even see Turtle-doves breeding in Malta, given climatic conditions in eastern Sicily are not too far off those in Malta.

On the morning of the 5^th May, the third Turtle-dove, this time a male, was caught and fitted with the third and final satellite tag #349. Named Virginijus, the male Turtle-dove weighed much more and was larger than his previous similar. In fact he was fitted with a slightly bigger ring bearing number EE02867.

We have chosen the name Virginijus on this Turtle-dove for the current European Commissioner for Environment, Ocean and Fisheries Virginijus Sinkevičius, who has the gargantuan task of seeing that our Birds and Habitats Directive continue to be respected and implemented in all the EU’s 27 Member states. The European Turtle-dove has garnered the support of various member states to come up with a Species Action Plan to save this species from extinction, and we trust that Commissioner Sinkevičius will see to safeguarding a future for Europe’s Turtle-doves across all Europe ensuring suitable agricultural and sustainable hunting policies protect the species from its demise.

Virginijus reorientating himself on a wall on Comino after the satellite-tagging and ringing exercise was over by bird ringers Nicholas Galea and Martin Austad. According to the 5g solar-powered satellite tag (seen on the bird’s back), the male Turtle-dove reached Sicily by 11pm on the same day. (Photo by Nicholas Galea, BirdLife Malta)

Virginijus is a true flight champion. Shortly after being tagged on Comino, he stayed on Comino for the day and then migrated overnight to Sicily arriving in less than a couple of hours! Signals received on the night between the 5^th and 6^th May positioned Virginijus half-way in open sea between Malta and Sicily throughout the night, reaching the area of Marina di Ragusa in Sicily just before mid-night – a staggering 85km of open sea in a few hours.

Virginijus crossed through the middle of Sicily reaching the northern Sicilian coast near Cefalù, then continued eastwards towards Palermo. In what seems to be his typical habit, Virginijus once again used the night to cross open sea, and navigated the Tyrrhenian Sea reaching the Lazio coast south of Rome. From then on, Virginijus continued north along the Umbrian coast, reaching a forest north of Punta Ala along the Mediterranean coast, by the 9^th May. From then on, Virginijus seems to have also settled in for the breeding season, revealing to us that like Hope he is also an Italian Turtle-dove that uses Malta as a stepping stone between Italy and Africa.

Spring hunting campaign

Turtle-doves have been a quarry species for hunting for many years, yet their steep decline edging to extinction these days, requires a revised approach to whether the bird can continue to be hunted. Since Malta joined the EU in 2004, spring hunting became a major concern on especially the Turtle-dove. The EU Birds Directive demands that all bird species, even the ones that can be hunted, are not hunted in spring when they return to various European countries to breed. For the years 2004 to 2007, and 2010 to 2015, Malta allowed the hunting of Turtle-doves in spring, while scientific data kept pointing to a steep decline of the species.

SHout – Spring Hunting Out campaign logo

Since EU accession, BirdLife Malta has made it its mission to bring the unsustainable hunting of this bird in spring to an end, and the work the organisation has achieved, along with the support of its BirdLife partners in Europe, and supporters, has enabled the European Commission to question and demand action over the unsustainable hunting of the species. Following a string of illegal hunting incidents in 2013, the Maltese public was also called in to voice its opinion on the hunting situation with a referendum being called to abolish spring hunting once and for all in April 2015. Although the referendum was lost with a narrow margin, public opinion did not change the Europe-wide decline the Turtle-dove kept facing. In June 2015, the IUCN revisited the status of wild Turtle-dove populations, classifying the species to Vulnerable, and demanding that Europe takes concrete conservation actions at halting the decline of the species. Some European countries will be possibly seeing the disappearance of Turtle-doves from their countries in our lifetime, with the Turtle-dove risking to undergo the fate of the once numerous yet now extinct Passenger Pigeon of the Americas. While hunting in Malta in spring remains unsustainable, stopping spring hunting in Malta is just one of several needed measures to ensure we keep seeing this bird in the future.

An illegally shot Turtle-dove recovered in April 2018

While the hunting of spring of Turtle-dove in Malta is now not legally permissible any further as a result of the grave conservation status it is found in, hunting of this bird illegally in spring remains a serious concern. This is exacerbated by wrong decisions allowing for an open hunting season during spring migration, such as was the case with the spring hunting season of 2018 which BirdLife Malta has closely monitored. While spring hunting (legal or illegal) will remain an issue, the opportunity is ripe to learn more about this remarkable bird to see how to better conserve it. It is in this spirit of learning more about this migratory species, that BirdLife Malta has partnered up with NABU to study the remarkable migration of this species, and understand better what role Malta plays in the migration of this bird in dire need of conservation efforts.

Videos

This video was produced in 2020 for the occasion of the satellite-tagging of three Turtle-doves on Comino in spring. Footage by BirdLife Malta, script by Nicholas Barbara, narration and editing by Nathaniel Attard.

This video production was produced in 2017 for the launch of BirdLife Malta’s satellite-tagging project and was shown during BirdLife Malta’s Annual General Meeting (AGM) that year. Footage by BirdLife Malta and Asio Enterprises, script by Nicholas Barbara, narration by Nathaniel Attard, editing & production by Matt Brown (MediaToday).